CAUSATIVE VERBS

The causative is a common structure in English. It is used when one thing or person causes another thing or person to do something.

There are two basic causative structures. One is like an active and the other is like a passive.

These examples use the causative verb "have":

Active:     I had John fix the car

(I arranged for the car to be fixed by John - I caused him to fix it.)

Passive:    I had the car fixed

(I arranged for the car to be fixed by someone. We don't know who, so this is like a passive.)

The true causative verbs are: have, get, and make.
HAVE / GET
The clause following have or get can be either active or passive.
Active Have:

subject + have + complement + verb in simple form ...

Example:

I had my brother feed the dog all week. (My brother fed the dog.)

Active Get:

subject + get + complement + verb in infinitive ....

Example:

I got my brother to feed the dog all week. (My brother fed the dog.)

Passive Have / Get:

subject + have OR get + complement + verb in past participle ...

Example:

I had the dog fed. OR I got the dog fed. ( The dog was fed by somebody.)

Examples of active causative clauses:

• Gary is getting his girlfriend to pick up the dry cleaning.
• The president had the reporters wait outside the conference room.
• Martha is having her friend help with her assignment.
• The doctor got his patient to take the bitter medicine.

Examples of passive causative clauses:

• Robert has his stories published each month.
• My sister had her dress altered for the wedding by my aunt.
• I can’t believe she is getting her hair colored like mine!
• My son is having his eyes tested this week.
• We all had our heads shaved before the big game.

MAKE
The causative verb make can only be followed by a clause in the active voice. Make is a much stronger command than have or get and means to force someone to do something.

subject + make + complement + verb in simple form...

Example:

The judge made me give him my driver's license.

Note: Even though make  means the same as force, if force is used then the infinitive of the verb is used.

subject + force + complement + verb in simple form...

Example:

The judge forced me to give him my driver's license.

Examples of sentences using the causative verb make:

• My boss makes me finish the daily report each day before I go home.
• I made my little sister give me half of her candy.
• Our teacher is making us bring our homework to him tomorrow.
• Ralph had made us promise not to tell what he did before he entered the forbidden zone.

LET / HELP - VERBS OFTEN CONSIDERED CAUSATIVE

Let and help are often considered to be causative verbs, but they are actually not. These words request permission or assistance from another person.

Let means allow or permit. When let is used, the simple form of the verb is used with it.

subject + let + complement + verb in simple form . . .

However, if allow or permit is used then the infinitive of the verb must be used with them.

subject + allow OR permit + complement + verb in infinitive form . . .

Examples:

• Mark’s dad let him play in the baseball game.
• Mark’s dad allowed him to play in the baseball game.
• Mark’s dad permitted him to play in the baseball game.

• My boss let me leave early from work.
• They are going to let me enter the ancient text archives to do research.
• Jamie always lets her kids have slumber parties on the weekends.
• Ralph is letting his son go to the concert.

Help, which means assist, is also usually followed by the simple form of the verb, but can be followed by the infinitive in some cases.

subject + help + complement + verb in simple form OR verb in infinitive form

Examples:

• Lisa helped her mom fold the clothes.
• The librarian helped me find the reference book I needed.
• Her stories always help him to sleep better.

Sources:

http://web2.uvcs.uvic.ca/elc/studyzone/490/grammar/causatives.htm

http://gmatclub.com/forum/gmat-grammar-book-causative-verbs-99513.html

Tugas 3 Bahasa Inggris Bisnis 2

Exercise 32: Enough (Page: 120)
1. People enough
2. French enough
3. Enough time
4. Fast enough
5. Soon enough
6. Enough early
7. Hard enough
8. Slowly enough
9. Enough flour
10. Books enough

Exercise 33: Because/Because Of (Page: 121)
1. Because of
2. Because of
3. Because of
4. Because
5. Because
6. Because
7. Because of
8. Because of
9. Because of
10. Because of

Exercise 34: So/Such (Page: 124)
1. So
2. Such
3. Such
4. So
5. So
6. So
7. Such
8. So
9. So
10. Such
11. So
12. So
13. Such
14. So
15. So

Exercise 35: Passive Voice (Page: 132)
1. The president is called by somebody every day.
2. The other members are being called by John.
3. Mr. Watson will be called by somebody tonight.
4. Considerable damage has been caused by the fire.
5. The supplies should be bought be the teacher for this class.

Exercise 36: Causative Verbs (Page: 135)
1. Leave
2. Repaired
3. Typed
4. Call
5. Painted
6. Write
7. Lie
8. Send
9. Cut
10. Signed
11. Leave
12. Washed
13. To fix
14. Published
15. To find

Example of Application Letters

Application letters is a formally written one-page letter that accompanies a resume and other requested documentation in application for a job or academic program. An application letter should also include a concluding paragraph that express appreciation to the receiver fo taking the time to consider the application. The final sentence should convey that the applicant looks toward the future by asking for a formal interview in person, online or by phone.

Example of Apllication Letter

Mrs. Dwy Novitasari
Personal Department
Indonesia Stock Exchange
Empire Building Plaza 2nd, floor
52 Jln. Jend. Sudirman
Jakarta 10002

Dear Mrs Dwy,

With reference to your advertisement for a senior secretary in Jakarta Times on 27 April, I would like to apply for the post.

I am 25 years old and was educated at International Secretarial College. My education and secretarial experience have given me excellent secretarial skills. After graduating from International Secretarial College, I enrolled at  Indonesia Secretarial Institute and I received my degree in secretarial sciences. I was also awarded a special citation for speed and accuracy in typing.

Since 1990 I have been working as a secretary at International Mills Realty where I had responsibility for all business correspondence. Unfortunately, the company is moving its head office to Surabaya and I have therefore decided to look for a new job in Jakarta.

I would be available for an interview on any day after 20 February and I would be able to take up a new post on any date from 1 March.

Mr. Robert and Mr. Wilson are willing to give me references.

I look forward to having your reply.

Yours sincerely.

Angela Mawrine 

Sources:
http://www.ask.com/business-finance/meaning-application-letter-84d94ea80c2347eb

COMPARISONS

What is a comparison?
Comparison is a rhetorical or literary device in which a writer compares or contrast two people, places, places, things, or ideas. In our everyday life, we compare people and things to express ourselves vividly. So when we say, "as lazy as a snail" you compare two different entities to show similarity i.e. someone's laziness to the slow pace of a snail.
When we want to compare two or more nouns using adjectives, we use the comparative and superlative forms of the adjective to show the comparison between the nouns.

Example:
Honey is sweet, sugar is sweeter but victory is the sweetest.

In this sentence, we are comparing the three nouns using the positive, comparative and superlative forms of the word "sweet".

There are three form of comparison:

1. Positive Form
There are the simple adjectives that simply describe the nouns without comparing it to another. (big, sweet, clean, etc.)
          She has a big black dog.
          He is a sweet boy.
          The motorcycle is clean.

2. Comparative Form
These are used when we are comparing two nouns and need to show which noun possesses the adjective or character in a greater or lesser amount, when compared with the other. (bigger, sweeter, cleaner, etc.)
          I have a big dog but hers is bigger.
          He is sweeter than the other boys.
          The motorcycle is cleaner than before.

3. Superlative Form
This form is used when three or more nouns are being compared and we need to show that one or more of the nouns posses the adjective or characteristic to the highest amount possible. We usually add 'the' before the superlative form. (biggest, sweetest, cleanest, etc.)
          She has the biggest dog in the colony.
          He is the sweetest boy in his class.
          The motorcycle is the cleanest thing in the house.

Making Comparatives and Superlatives
There are certain rules that must be followed in the making of the comparatives and superlatives of the adjectives. Not all adjectives form their comparatives and superlatives in the same way and there are also some irregular adjectives that form completely different comparative and superlative forms.

Single Syllable Words and Double Syllable Words ending with -y, -er, -ow, -le -
We use ‘-er’ to make the comparative and ‘-est’ to make the superlative.

Positive	Comparative	Superlative
Black	Blacker	Blackest
Fair	Fairer	Fairest
Clever	Cleverer	Cleverest

When there is a silent ‘e’ at the end of the positive form, we remove that and add ‘-er’ and ‘-est’

Positive	Comparative	Superlative
Nice	Nicer	Nicest
Late	Later	Latest

When the adjective ends with a ‘y’, we convert the ‘y’ into ‘i’ before adding ‘-er’ and ‘-est’

Positive	Comparative	Superlative
Pretty	Prettier	Prettiest
Lazy	Lazier	Laziest

If the adjective is a small one with little stress on the vowel, we double the last consonant.

Positive	Comparative	Superlative
Hot	Hotter	Hottest
Wet	Wetter	Wettest

Other Words with Two or More Syllables -

For other double syllable words that do not end with -y, -er, -ow, -le, and for adjectives with more than two syllables we use more and most to form the comparatives and superlatives.

Positive	Comparative	Superlative
Difficult	More Difficult	Most Difficult
Careful	More Careful	Most Careful
Handsome	More Handsome	Most Handsome
Interesting	More Interesting	Most Interesting

Special Adjectives -

There a few adjectives that can use both ‘-er and -est’ and ‘more’ and ‘most’ to form their comparative and superlative forms. The distinction between these is that ‘-er and -est’ are used when we are comparing the noun to another noun and ‘more’ and ‘most’ is used when we are comparing characteristics within the noun.

Positive	Comparative	Superlative	Example
Clever	Cleverer/ More Clever	Cleverest/ Most Clever	He is cleverer than her. He is more clever than studious.
Quiet	Quieter/ More Quiet	Quietest/ Most Quiet	This is the most quiet it gets here. This is the quietest place.
Brave	Braver/ More Brave	Bravest/ Most Brave	She is braver than other girls. She was more brave than afraid.
Sure	Surer/ More Sure	Surest/ Most Sure	He was surer of the result than others. You’ll be more sure about the concept after you read the chapter.

Irregular Comparisons -

These adjectives do not make their comparative and superlative forms using the rules above. Their comparative and superlative forms are different words altogether.

Positive	Comparative	Superlative
Bad	Worse	Worst
Good	Better	Best
Far (place & time)	Futher	Furthest
Far (place)	Father	Farthest
Old (people)	Elder	Eldest
Little (amount)	Less	Least
Late (order)	Latter	Last

Sources:
http://literarydevices.net/comparison/
http://www.englisch-hilfen.de/en/grammar/adjektive_steig.htm
http://www.englishleap.com/grammar/comparative-superlative
http://www.tipsbelajarbahasainggris.com/perbandingan-kata-sifat/

Tugas 2 Bahasa Inggris Bisnis 2

Exercise 26: Adjectives and Adverbs (Page:107)
1. Well
2. Intense
3. Brightly
4. Fluent
5. Fluently
6. Smooth
7. Accurately
8. Bitter
9. Soon
10. Fast

Exercise 27: Linking (Copulative) Verbs (Page:109)
1. Terrible
2. Good
3. Good
4. Calm
5. Sick
6. Quickly
7. Diligently
8. Vehemently
9. Relaxed
10. Noisy

Exercise 28: Comparisons (Page: 114)
1. As soon
2. More important
3. As well
4. More expensive
5. As hot
6. More talented
7. More colorful
8. Happier
9. Worse
10. Faster

Exercise 29: Comparisons (Page:114)
1. Than
2. Than
3. From
4. Than
5. As
6. Than
7. As
8. Than
9. Than
10. From

Exercise 30: Comparisons (Page: 117)
1. Better
2. Happiest
3. Faster
4. Creamiest
5. More colorful
6. Better
7. Good
8. More awkwardly
9. Least
10. Prettier
11. The best
12. Than
13. Less impressive
14. The sicker
15. Than
16. Twice as much as
17. Few
18. Much
19. Farthest
20. More famous

Conditional Sentences

What is conditional sentences?
A conditional sentences consists of two clause, they are the if-clause and the main clause. The if-clause can come first or second. When it comes first, we usually put a comma between the two clauses.
Examples:

• If I have enough money, I will go to Hongkong.
• I will go to Hongkong, If I have enough money.

There are 3 types of conditional sentences and mixed conditional

• Conditional Sentences Type 1

The if-clause is in the present tense, the main clause uses will and the infinitive, or simple present.

Type 1: If Clause                           Main Clause                                 Meaning

              Simple Present            Simple Present            True in the present or possible

              If you work hard,            You Succeed.                                in future

                                                    Simple Future           It's possible to happen in the future

                                                  You will succeed.

And when do we use conditional sentences type 1?

a.  We use conditional sentences type 1 to talk about possible situations in the present or future.

     - If you leave earlier, you will not be late.

     - If you open the windows, I will come to your party.

b.  We often use conditional type 1 to talk about facts or processes.

     - If you heat water to 100 degrees, it will boil.

     - If we stare into the sun, we will hurt our eyes.

*Note: Other modal verbs can also be used in place of will and would

- If it rains like this all day, the river might flood. (might = will possibly)
- If it rains like this all day, the river could flood. (could = will be able to)

• Conditional Sentences Type 2

The if-clause is in the simple past or the past continuous tense. The main clause uses would and the infinitive, or would be and the present participle (verb-ing).
Type 2:       If Clause                     Main Clause                               Meaning
                 Simple Past           Would + Simple Form        Untrue in the present
            If you worked hard,    You would succeed.            Fact: You don't work hard,
             Past Continuous      Would be + Present             so you don't succeed.
           If it were not raining         Participle                       Fact: It's raining now, so I'm
                    now,                 I would be going out for           not going out for a walk.
                                                        a walk.

And when do we use conditional sentences type 2?
Conditional sentences type 2 is used to talk about actions or situations that are not talking place in the present or future, but we can imagine the probable result.
- If I were you, I would accept him. (In fact, I'm not you, so I will not accept him)
- If he were here, I would tell him about my plan. (In fact, he isn't here)

*Note: - Were' is used for both singular and plural subjects.
            -  The use of type 2 conditional in "If I were you, I would......." is a common form of advice.

• Conditional Sentences Type 3

The if-clause is in the past perfect or the past perfect continuous tense, the main clause uses would have and past participle (verb 3), or would have been and present participle (verb-ing).
Type 3:          If Clause                          Main Clause                          Meaning
                    Past Perfect                 Would have + Past             Untrue in the past
              If you had worked hard,           Participle                 Fact: You didn't work hard,
                    Past Perfect                  You would have                so you didn't succeed.
                    Continuous                       Succeeded.                Fact: It was raining yesterday
                 If it had not been             Would have been +       afternoon. I was not going out
                raining yesterday              Present Participle                     for a walk.
                     afternoon,                 I would have been going
                                                              out for a walk.

And when do we use conditional sentences type 3?
Conditional sentences type 3 is used to talk abut actions or situations that did not take or were not taking place in the past,  but we can imagine the probable result.
- If he had not been late this morninf, his teacher would not have punished him. (In truth, he was late)
- If I had studied hard, I would have passed the exam. (In fact, I didn't study hard, so i would not pass the exam).




Sources:

http://www.misterguru.web.id/2011/09/conditional-sentences-type-1-type-2.html

http://grammar.ccc.commnet.edu/grammar/conditional2.htm

CONDITIONAL SENTENCES

Exercise 21: Conditional Sentences (Page:97)

1. were understand
2. wouldn't have been
3. will give
4. would havetold
5. would have been
6. had
7. could stop
8. were need
9. would have found
10. enjoyed
11. paint
12. were
13. has write
14. could have permitted
15. were spending
16. will accept
17. has buy
18. has decided
19. would have written
20. will leak
21. had studied
22. has hear
23. see
24. has get
25. turn
26. were
27. would have called
28. would have talked
29. explained
30. spoke


Exercise 22: Used To (Page:99)

1. eating
2. eat
3. swim
4. like
5. speaking
6. studying
7. dance
8. sleeping
9. eating
10. eating


Exercise 23: Would Rather (Page:101)

1. stay
2. have stayed
3. work
4. study
5. not study
6. have
7. had stood
8. not cook
9. hadn't arrived
10. have slept


Exercise 24: Must/Should + Perfective (Page:105)

1. should have had
2. must have been
3. must have damaged
4. must not have parked
5. must have studied
6. should have studied
7. must have been
8. should have deposited
9. must have forgotten
10. must not have studied


Exercise 25: Modals + Perfective (Page:105)

1. I would
2. would have gone
3. may have had
4. should have done
5. must have forgotten
6. may have slept
7. might have had
8. could have lost
9. shouldn't have driven
10. may have run