There are two basic causative structures. One is like an active and the other is like a passive.
These examples use the causative verb "have":
Active: I had John fix the car
(I arranged for the car to be fixed by John - I caused him to fix it.)
Passive: I had the car fixed
(I arranged for the car to be fixed by someone. We don't know who, so this is like a passive.)
The true causative verbs are: have, get, and make.
HAVE / GET
The clause following have or get can be either active or passive.
Active Have:
subject + have + complement + verb in simple form ...
Example:
I had my brother feed the dog all week. (My brother fed the dog.)
Active Get:
subject + get + complement + verb in infinitive ....
Example:
I got my brother to feed the dog all week. (My brother fed the dog.)
Passive Have / Get:
subject + have OR get + complement + verb in past participle ...
Example:
I had the dog fed. OR I got the dog fed. ( The dog was fed by somebody.)
Examples of active causative clauses:
- Gary is getting his girlfriend to pick up the dry cleaning.
- The president had the reporters wait outside the conference room.
- Martha is having her friend help with her assignment.
- The doctor got his patient to take the bitter medicine.
Examples of passive causative clauses:
- Robert has his stories published each month.
- My sister had her dress altered for the wedding by my aunt.
- I can’t believe she is getting her hair colored like mine!
- My son is having his eyes tested this week.
- We all had our heads shaved before the big game.
MAKE
The causative verb make can only be followed by a clause in the active voice. Make is a much stronger command than have or get and means to force someone to do something.
subject + make + complement + verb in simple form...
Example:
The judge made me give him my driver's license.
Note: Even though make means the same as force, if force is used then the infinitive of the verb is used.
subject + force + complement + verb in simple form...
Example:
The judge forced me to give him my driver's license.
- My boss makes me finish the daily report each day before I go home.
- I made my little sister give me half of her candy.
- Our teacher is making us bring our homework to him tomorrow.
- Ralph had made us promise not to tell what he did before he entered the forbidden zone.
LET / HELP - VERBS OFTEN CONSIDERED CAUSATIVE
Let and help are often considered to be causative verbs, but they are actually not. These words request permission or assistance from another person.
Let means allow or permit. When let is used, the simple form of the verb is used with it.
subject + let + complement + verb in simple form . . .
However, if allow or permit is used then the infinitive of the verb must be used with them.
subject + allow OR permit + complement + verb in infinitive form . . .
Examples:
- Mark’s dad let him play in the baseball game.
- Mark’s dad allowed him to play in the baseball game.
- Mark’s dad permitted him to play in the baseball game.
- My boss let me leave early from work.
- They are going to let me enter the ancient text archives to do research.
- Jamie always lets her kids have slumber parties on the weekends.
- Ralph is letting his son go to the concert.
Help, which means assist, is also usually followed by the simple form of the verb, but can be followed by the infinitive in some cases.
subject + help + complement + verb in simple form OR verb in infinitive form
Examples:
- Lisa helped her mom fold the clothes.
- The librarian helped me find the reference book I needed.
- Her stories always help him to sleep better.
Sources:
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