NOUN CLAUSE

A noun clause is a dependent clause and cannot stand alone as a sentence.  It must be connected to an independent clause, a main clause. A noun clause has its own subject and verb. It can begin with a question word. It can begin with if or whether. And it can begin with that. 

a) Noun clauses with question words: 

The following question words can be used to introduce a noun clause: when, where, why, how, who, whom, what, which, whose. 

Example: 

Answer this question using 'I don't know...'

Where does Maria live?

I don't know -------------.

It is incorrect to say, "I don't know where does she live."

Notice that "does she live" is a question form.  Noun clauses cannot be in question form; it has to be a statement.

"I don't know where she lives" is the correct answer.

Example: these questions using I don't know... 

·         How old is Kate?

 I don't know how old she is.

·         Where did Juan go?

I don't know where he went.

·         Why did Maria leave?

I don't know why she left.

·         What did she say?

I don't know what she said.

·         When is she going to leave?

I don't know when she is going to leave.

·         What country is Maria from?

I don't know what country she is from.

·         What is that girl's name? 

I don't know what her name is.

Noun clauses with who, what, whose + be:

A noun or pronoun that follows main verb 'be' in a question comes in front of 'be' in a noun clause. 

Example:
--> Who is that boy? I don't know who that boy is.

--> Whose pen is this? I don't know whose pen this is.

A prepositional phrase does not come in front of 'be' in a noun clause. 

Example:
--> Who is in the office? I don't know who is in the office.

--> Whose pen is on the desk? I don't know whose pen is on the desk.

Notice that usual word order is not used when the question word is the subject of the question as in 'who' and 'what'.  In this case, the word order in the noun clause is the same as the word order in question.

Be sure to complete the exercises in the assignments.

b) Noun clauses, which begin with if or whether:

When a yes/no question is changed to a noun clause, if is usually used to introduce the clause.  

Example:
--> Is Maria at home?

               I don't know if Maria is at home.

--> Does this bus go to Los Angeles?

               I don't know if this bus goes to Los Angeles.

--> Did Juan go to Mexico?

               I wonder if Juan went to Mexico.

Frequently, speakers may add 'or not'.  This comes at the end of the noun clause in sentences with 'if' and immediately after 'whether' in sentences with 'whether'.

Example:
--> I don't know if Maria is at home or not. 

--> I don't know whether or not Maria is at home.

Notice that we cannot use 'or not' immediately after 'if'.

c) Noun clauses which begin with that: 

A noun clause can be introduced by the word 'that'.

--> I think that Ms. Weiss is a good teacher.

In the sentence above, 'Ms. Weiss is a good teacher' is a noun clause. It is the object of the verb 'think'.

That clauses are frequently used as the object of verbs which express mental activity. Here are some common verbs followed by 'that clauses'. 

Assume that   believe that  discover that dream that

Guess that    hear that     hope that     know that

Learn that    notice that   predict that  prove that   

Realize that  suppose that  suspect that  think that

There are many more verbs that can be followed by "that" clause.

Example:

·         I feel that she will do well on the test.

·         I wonder if she is coming to the part.

·         You are lucky that won the lottery.

·         It is a fact that Mr. Lopez is a good teacher.

·         I doubt that she will come today.

·         I am worried that they won't win the game.

·         I don't know when she will come.

·         I regret that she failed the test.

·         I don't know if she lives in New York or not.

·         I am amazed that we made it to the airport on time.

source: 

http://www.testyourenglish.net/english-online/subjects/nouncl1.html

http://www.english-grammar-revolution.com/noun-clauses.html

CONDITIONAL SENTENCES

Do you understand what these sentences imply?

Do you know what they mean?

·       If I had had enough time in that test, I would have checked my paper again

·       I would buy you some stamps if I went to the post office

They are called conditional sentences. A conditional sentences consists of two clause, they are the if-clause and the main clause. The if-clause can come first or second. When it comes first, we usually put a comma between the two clauses.

There are 4 types of conditional sentences, including mixed conditional.

Ø TYPE 1

The if-clause is in the present tense, the main clause uses will and

the infinitive, or simple present.

Conditional Senteces Type 1
Type	If Clause	Main Clause	Meaning
Type 1	Simple Present If you work hard,	Simple Present You succeed Simple Future You will succeed	True in the present or possible in future It’s possible to happen in the future

When do we use conditional sentences type 1?

a.     We use conditional sentence type 1 to talk about possible situations in the present or future.

o    If you leave earlier, you will not be late.

o    If you open the windows, the room will get some fresh air.

o    If you invite me, I will come to your party

b.    We often use conditional type 1 to talk about facts or processes:

o    If you heat water to 100 degrees, it will boil.

o    If we stare into the sun, we will hurt our eyes.

Note:

Other modal verbs can also be used in place of will and would.

o    If it rains like this all day, the river might flood. (might = will possibly)

o    If it rains like this all day, the river could flood. (could = will be able to)

Ø Type 2

The if-clause is in the simple past or the past continuous tense. The main clause uses would and the infinitive, or would be and the present participle (verb-ing).

Conditional Senteces Type 2
Type	If Clause	Main Clause	Meaning
Type 2	Simple Past If you worked hard, Past Continuous If it were not raining now,	Would + simple form You would succeed. Would be + present participle I would be going out for a walk	Untrue in the present Fact: you don’t work hard, so you don’t succeed Fact: it’s raining now, so I’m not going out for a walk

         

          When do we use conditional sentences type 2?

Conditional sentences type 2 is used to talk about actions or situations that are not talking place in the present or future, but we can imagine the probable  result.

o   If we didn’t live in a big city, we would not have to breathe polluted air everyday. (in truth, we live in a big city)

o   If he were here, I would tell him about my plan. (in fact, he isn’t here)

o   If I were you, I would accept him. (in fact, I’m not you, so I will not accept him)

Note:

·       Were’ is used for both singular and plural subjects.

·       The use of type 2 conditional in “if  I were you, I would…….. “ is a common form of advice.

Ø Type 3

The if-clause is in the past perfect or the past perfect continuous tense, the main clause uses would have and past participle (verb 3), or would have been and present participle (verb-ing).

Conditional Senteces Type 3
Type	If Clause	Main Clause	Meaning
Type 3	Past Perfect If you had worked hard, Past Perfect Continuous If it had not been raining yesterday afternoon,	Would have + past participle You would have succeeded. Would have been + present participle I would have been going out for a walk.	Untrue in the past Fact: you didn’t work hard, so you didn’t succeed. Fact: it was raining yesterday afternoon. I was not going out for a walk.

When do we use conditional sentences type 3?

Conditional sentences type 3 is used to talk about actions or situations that did not take or were not taking place in the past, but we can imagine the probable result.

o   If you had come to the party last night, you would have met my cousin. (in truth, you didn’t come to the party last night)

o   If he had not been late this morning, his teacher would not have punished him. (in truth, he was late)

o   If I had studied hard, I would have passed the exam. (in fact, I didn’t study hard, so I would not pass the exam)

Ø Type mixed

Mixed conditional sentences is a combination of conditional sentences type 2 and conditional sentences type 3.

Conditional Senteces Mixed Type
Type	If Clause	Main Clause	Meaning
Mixed Type	Simple Past If I were a bird, Past Perfect If you had worked hard,	Would have + past participle I would have flown to your place last night. Would + simple form You would succeed.	Untrue in the present or future Fact: I am not a bird, so I didn’t fly to your place. Fact: you didn’t work hard. Now, you don’t succeed.

          When do we use mixed conditional sentences?

Mixed conditional sentences is used to talk about actions or situations that did not take or were not taking place in the past, but we can imagine the probable result in the present, or actions or situations that do not take place in the present, but we can imagine the probable result in the past.

o   If you lived near the factory, you would have heard the sound of the explosion. (in truth, you don’t live near the factory. Therefore, you didn’t hear the sound of the explosion.)

o   If he had not been late this morning, he would be permitted to join the test. (in truth, he was lat. Therefore, he is not permitted to join the test.)

Source :  

http://www.misterguru.web.id/2011/09/conditional-sentences-type-1-type-2.html

http://grammar.ccc.commnet.edu/grammar/conditional2.htm

Adverbial Clause

Do you know, what is an adverbial clause?

An adverb may be a single word such as quickly, here or yesterday, or a phrase such as the day before yesterday or to see my mother. However, adverbs can also be clauses, containing a subject and a full verb. This page will explain the basic types of adverb clauses (sometimes called "adverbial clauses") and how to recognize them.

Adverbial clause is a dependent clause that functions as an adverb. In other words, it contains a subject (explicit or implied) and apredicate, and it modifies a verb. An Adverbs indicate such things as why, where, when, and how. Typical adverbs in English are words like “soon”, “here” and “quickly”; adverbial phrases are groups of words used in the same way, such as “on Sunday” or “with compassion”. Likewise, an entire clause  remember that a clause has a subject and predicate may have an adverbial function

An adverb clause will meet three requirements:

§  First, it will contain a subject and verb.

§  You will also find a subordinate conjunction that keeps the clause from expressing a complete thought.

§  Finally, you will notice that the clause answers one of these three adverb questions: How? When? or Why?

Types of adverbial clauses

kind of clause	common conjunctions	Function	example
time clauses	when, before, after, since, while, as, as long as, until,till, etc. (conjunctions that answer the question "when?"); hardly, scarcely, no sooner, etc.	These clauses are used to say when something happens by referring to a period of time or to another event.	Her goldfish died when she was young.
conditional clauses	if, unless, lest	These clauses are used to talk about a possible or counterfactual situation and its consequences.	If they lose weight during an illness, they soon regain it afterwards.
purpose clauses	in order to, so that, in order that	These clauses are used to indicate the purpose of an action.	They had to take some of his land so that they could extend the churchyard.
reason clauses	because, since, as, given	These clauses are used to indicate the reason for something.	I couldn't feel anger against himbecause I liked him too much.
result clauses	so...that	These clauses are used to indicate the result of something.	My suitcase had become so damaged on the journey homethat the lid would not stay closed.
concessive clauses	although, though, while	These clauses are used to make two statements, one of which contrasts with the other or makes it seem surprising.	I used to read a lot although I don't get much time for books now.
place clauses	where, wherever, anywhere, everywhere, etc. (conjunctions that answer the question "where?")	These clauses are used to talk about the location or position of something.	He said he was happy where he was.
clauses of manner	as, like, the way	These clauses are used to talk about someone's behaviour or the way something is done.	I was never allowed to do thingsas I wanted to do them.

There are many types of adverb clauses. Here are some examples of the most common types:

Type	Question answered	Example
Place	Where?	Wherever there are computers, there is Microsoft software.
Time	When?	After the fruit is harvested, it is sold at the market.
Cause	Why? (What caused this?)	I didn't call her because I'm shy.
Purpose	Why? (What was the reason for doing this?)	She took a computer course so that she could get a better job.
Concession	Why is this unexpected?	Although Jay has a Master's degree, he works as a store clerk.
Condition	Under what conditions?	If you save your money, you will be able to go to college.

As you can see from the examples above, most adverb clauses can be recognized because they are introduced by a particular word or phrase (such as "when" and "so that"). These words and phrases are called subordinating conjunctions, and there are many of them, including these:

after, before, until, while, because, since, as, so that, in order that, if, unless, whether, though, although, even though, where

Read these examples:

Tommy scrubbed the bathroom tile until his arms ached.

How did Tommy scrub? Until his arms ached, an adverb clause.

Josephine's three cats bolted from the driveway once they saw her car turn the corner.

When did the cats bolt? Once they saw her car turn the corner, an adverb clause.

After her appointment at the orthodontist, Danielle cooked eggs for dinner because she could easily chew an omelet.

Why did Danielle cook eggs? Because she could easily chew an omelet, an adverb clause.

Look at these sentences:

I saw the movie yesterday.

I saw the movie on Friday.

I saw the movie before I left for Calgary.

In the first sentence, “yesterday” is a one-word adverb, “on Friday” is an adverb phrase, and “before I left for Calgary” is an adverb clause. All of them answer the question “When?”, but the adverb clause has a subject (“I”) and a full verb (“left”). It is introduced by “before”, so it is a dependent clause. This means that it cannot stand alone: “Before I left for Calgary” would not be a full sentence. It needs a main clause (“I saw the movie”). An adverb clause, then, is a dependent clause that does the same job as an adverb or an adverb phrase.

Adverbial clauses are introduced by conjunctions, such as so that, before, and  until. The indicative or subjunctive mood may be required in the adverbial clause in Spanish, or an adverbial phrase (preposition plus infinitive) may be used, depending on:

·         Whether there is a change of subject. If no change of subject is involved and a preposition exists which corresponds to the conjunction, that preposition plus an infinitive is normally used, e.g.: He's saving his money so he can buy a car, . A list of the corresponding prepositions is given below.

·         The type situation or time in the adverbial clause. In general, if the situation in the adverbial clause is viewed as something hypothetical or anticipated rather than completed, habitual, or factual then the subjunctive is required. Iin contrast, if the adverbial expression deals with something that is viewed as completed, habitual, or factual, the indicative is used. Some adverbial conjunctions by their very nature deal with something hypothetical or anticipated and thus are always followed by the subjunctive; others may take either the subjunctive or the indicative.

source:

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adverbial_clause

http://web2.uvcs.uvic.ca/elc/studyzone/410/grammar/advcls.htm

http://users.ipfw.edu/jehle/courses/subjadv.htm